, my name is Arjun Khara. I am a university lecturer and design researcher. I came up with the term ‘fairness design’ between 2018 and 2021 to describe my thinking, research, and an accompanying model of how government-issued documents — especially digital forms designed for mass use — can be made fairer for users and issuers. The fairness design model was developed and tested on digital government forms and apps in Singapore that were issued during the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) pandemic. The model centres on the dynamics of information exchanges and power imbalances inherent in government forms, as well as in the constitutive role that forms can play in creating fairer state-citizen communications. The model has since been extended to additional document genres. View the fairness design model.

Different ideas and principles of governance and state-citizen interaction offer a framework for public policy makers when designing government forms. The fairness design model converts these ideas into equations, and graphs these principles to visually represent the relationships between forms issuers and forms users. In doing so, the model identifies zones of fairness, i.e. areas in which the form’s interactions achieve fairness parity for all stakeholders. While developed for digital environments, the model is applicable to paper forms, and is being extended to additional documents including SMS, device notifications, and electronic circulars.

While the disciplines overlap for certain terms and concepts, a key difference between inclusive design and fairness design is that the former targets the widest possible range of users for the general benefit of everyone. Fairness design, on the other hand, is grounded in the principles of reciprocity and sacrifice of certain assets in order to achieve an end result, in much the same vein as social democracy, liberalism, or communism. The primary feature of fairness design, however, is that benefits are specifically targeted towards a particular group, rather than across all users, under the principle that the improvement of one group’s circumstances is valid so long as this improvement does not negatively affect other groups. This specificity is crucial to the fairness design method and model.

Accordingly, fairness design is a key consideration in human-to-human and human-computer interactions. For instance, the integration of artificial intelligence into design software makes creating and iterating forms a rapid and easy process. Experiments using AI in forms development reveals the software can out-iterate human efforts by several factors. However, in none of the tests did the AI conform to a prescribed design method or approach when planning questions, designing field lengths, placing checkboxes etc. This is a common concern with AI whereby the software demonstrates flexibility in iterations but does not deliver consistency.